Starting April 14, 2024, severe weather hit the Arabian Gulf, mostly affecting Oman and the UAE. Extreme amounts of rain were brought by the storms. The scale of this event is exceptional, with the National Center of Meteorology announcing the UAE experienced the largest amount of rainfall since 1949, with more than 250 mm in a single day [1]. This is more than the country’s yearly average rainfall. In Oman, between April 14 and 16, 2024, up to approximately 180 mm of rainfall fell in some of the states of the Sultanate of Oman, according to the National Committee for Emergency Management [2]. A similar event took place on March 8, 2016, when more than 240 mm of rainfall fell in Dubai in a few hours [3].
The extreme precipitation in the region was caused by a mesoscale convection system (MCS). An MCS occurs when multiple thunderstorms merge to form a larger system, spanning hundreds, if not thousands, of square kilometers. These systems can generate hazardous weather conditions, including hail and tornadoes. The geographical location of the region provides the necessary conditions of high moisture, instability and lift for the formation of MCSs. The intensity of precipitation during this event was so high that it overwhelmed the modern drainage infrastructure.
Although rainfall is infrequent on a yearly scale, it can be of very high magnitude when it does occur. The region experiences high variability and rapid changes in weather between April and May, as seasons transition from winter (December to March) to summer (June to September). Between 1991 and 2020, the UAE experienced an average of approximately 24 mm of rainfall between March and May. On an annual basis, the country receives between 140 mm and 200 mm of rainfall. In Oman, the average rainfall ranges from 150 mm to 300 mm in the north and 50 mm to 150 mm in the south. A study conducted in 2021 found that MCSs are not rare in this region, with many occurrences observed in March and April between 2000 and 2020. Furthermore, the same study suggests that MCSs in this area are increasing in duration. Bahrain, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia also experienced rainfall, although not of the same intensity as in the UAE and Oman.
Forecasters, such as the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) [5] and ECMWF [6], managed to predict the extreme flooding and precipitation in advance.
In the future, climate change is likely to increase extreme precipitation, as a warmer world further enhances the ability of the atmosphere to hold more moisture [7]. Climate change may also increase the likelihood of intense thunderstorms, with associated extreme rainfall, due to increasing atmospheric instability.
The UAE and Oman experienced extraordinary torrential rains that flooded the desert. It affected highways, inundated houses, gridlocked traffic and trapped people in their homes. In the UAE, floods resulted in heavy disruption, severely affecting areas of Dubai, Sharjah and Abu Dhabi. In Dubai, the city’s infrastructure, including roads and buildings, suffered damage due to the excessive rainfall.
Transportation systems were severely affected, with roads becoming impassable and flights being delayed or cancelled. This disruption had a significant impact on the daily lives of residents and visitors, as well as on businesses and tourism in the city. At least one person was killed in the flooding—a 70-year-old man who was swept away in his car in Ras al-Khaimah, one of the country’s 7 emirates, according to police. The UAE government announced remote working for most federal government employees, with schools staying closed in Dubai, which underscores the difficulty of the cleanup.
Neighboring countries were also hit by heavy rains, including Oman, where at least 20 people have died, including 10 schoolchildren and 1 adult swept away in a vehicle. Areas affected included Al Mudhaibi in the North Al Sharqiyah Governorate, Marmul Airport and Qalhat in the South Ash Sharqiyah Governorate. Teams from Royal Oman Police (ROP) and Oman’s Civil Defence and Ambulance Department Authority were called on to carry out multiple high-water rescues. Many of those rescued were trapped in vehicles or swept away by fast-flowing wadi waters. The ROP rescued around 35 people stranded in the Wilayat of Ibra. Around 21 people were rescued after a school bus was trapped in flood waters in the Wilayat of Nizwa.
In conclusion, the recent floods have had a significant loss impact, including damage to infrastructure, disruption of transportation systems, and economic losses. Growing infrastructure and likelihood of the region getting affected by such natural perils highlight the urgent need for further action to address and mitigate the effects in the region.
The damage was significant to infrastructure, including roads, vehicles, buildings and public facilities, and will require significant resources for repair and restoration. Multiple residential units, commercial shops, malls, warehouses and industrial units were affected. Additionally, businesses that were affected by the floods may experience financial losses due to interrupted operations and damage to their properties.
Insurance penetration in the Middle East remains relatively low compared to global standards. The insurance penetration rate (including all lines of business) in Saudi Arabia stands at around 1.5%, approximately 1% in Qatar, and 2.75% in the UAE. These figures indicate that a significant portion of the population in these countries does not have adequate insurance coverage.
The low insurance penetration rate in the Middle East can be attributed to several factors. One of the main reasons is the lack of awareness and understanding of insurance products and their benefits among the general population. Many people in the region are not familiar with the various types of insurance available or how they can protect their assets and mitigate risks. Additionally, the insurance industry in the Middle East faces challenges in terms of market development and growth. While the region has witnessed significant economic growth and development, the insurance sector has struggled to keep pace.
While preliminary estimated insured property losses arising from the floods are likely to exceed USD 650 million it could reach as high as USD 850 million for the UAE, with the most affected emirate being Dubai. Large policies affected would have several primary policy conditions, and losses to insurance companies can vary significantly.
The estimated number of motor vehicles affected by floods is between 30,000 and 50,000 in the UAE, mostly concentrated in Dubai. Only the vehicles with comprehensive policies will be covered by insurance companies (TPL policies typically do not cover Nat Cat perils). Accordingly, the estimated preliminary insured loss for motor is likely to exceed USD 150 million but could reach as high as USD 250 million for the UAE. Claims are still developing, and this estimated number is subject to further change.
To evaluate the exposure at risk, Guy Carpenter has provided a map for potential flood- affected areas across the region, which is integrated into GC AdvantagePoint®, Guy Carpenter’s market-leading proprietary tool. Clients can overlay their current exposure and apply this layer to assess the current exposure at risk.
After such an event, we may see some impact on the original insurance policies and reinsurance arrangements to cater for such an event. Below are some considerations:
Sources: [1] https://twitter.com/UAEmediaoffice/status/1780326720588906951 [2] https://twitter.com/NCEM_OM/status/1780267137816224116 [3] https://watchers.news/2016/03/09/severe-weather-hits-uae-and-oman-thunderstorms-large-hail-and-severe-flooding/ [4] https://earth.jaxa.jp/en/earthview/2024/04/19/8032/index.html [5] https://global-flood.emergency.copernicus.eu/ [6] https://www.ecmwf.int/ [7] Gründemann, G.J., van de Giesen, N., Brunner, L. et al. Rarest rainfall events will see the greatest relative increase in magnitude under future climate change. Commun Earth Environ 3, 235 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00558-8
A four-day severe weather outbreak in late April across the Great Plains and Midwest spawned over 120 tornadoes, including at least one 'violent' tornado, a term meteorologists commonly use to refer to tornadoes of at least EF4 strength. The scope and severity of impacts from this outbreak are still being assessed at the time of publication.
